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At present time, a variety of infectious and lifestyle diseases are becoming lifethreatening day by day. Development in technology and immergence of nanoscience helped to provide a better health care system. Based on the working mechanism nano-biosensors are of majorly two types: electrochemical nanobiosensor and optical nano-biosensor. Nanomaterials used in the nano-biosensor increased their efficacy, sensitivity, and selectivity of the device. Different diseases have different biomarkers to get detected such as, absorption of cholesterol oxidase detect cholesterol, glaucoma in a diabetes patient is detected by cytokine Interleukin 12 in tear, C-reactive protein is detected for liver inflammation, the SARS virus is detected by N-protein and miRNA is a potential biomarker of cancers, especially colorectal cancer. Hitherto, identification of a biomarker for a specific disease is the major work. The accuracy of nanobiosensor in diagnosing diseases put them in demand in the biomedical field. But the major drawback comes with the cost-effectiveness and use of nanomaterial in health sectors focussing on any toxicological impact of the nano-biosensor on health in long run. In this chapter, we present an overview of the working mechanism of different nano-biosensors in diagnosing different infectious and lifestyle diseases. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
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Closures of schools in the advent of COVID-19 all around the world have affected nearly about 87% of students in different aspects of life. The importance of school life and its impact on the social and psychological well-being of an adolescent has left a deep and evident impression. As per the Indian population statistics, we embrace the largest adolescent population in the world. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the lives of millions around the world. The authors through an exhaustive survey specially designed to relate the present mental state and well-being have analyzed the critical phase. 315 participants that consisted of both males and females take up the survey. 'What we analyzed is the fact regarding the association between Stress anxiety and Depression among the Adolescent in Covid - 19 situation.' . © 2023 IEEE.
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This chapter makes an attempt to explain how different interconnected measures of globalisation (namely, tariff reform, agricultural trade liberalisation and capital account liberalisation), a land augmenting technological progress and adverse supply shocks arising due to COVID-19, play a major role not only in determining skilled-unskilled wage disparity and unemployment of skilled labour but also income distribution in general. In so doing, we construct a three-sector general equilibrium framework. We use the "luxury unemployment hypothesis" to explain the unemployment of skilled labour who earns an institutionally given fixed wage. We obtain that tariff liberalisation widens the skilled-unskilled wage gap and leaves unemployment of skilled labour unchanged. Agricultural trade liberalisation turns the income distribution in favour of the landed gentry. Capital account liberalisation reduces the unemployment of skilled labour without any effect on income distribution, while land-augmenting technological progress reduces the wage gap and turns the income distribution against the landed gentry. We use this model to analyse the adverse impacts of the pandemic crises. We introduce real government expenditure and an efficiency parameter for unskilled labour in order to explain the effects of an expansionary fiscal policy and "Covid Long Haulers" which affect the unskilled workers. While discussing the effects of expansionary fiscal policy (which is financed by lump-sum tax), what we get is the possibility of an increase in unemployment of skilled labour. The findings of this chapter have a specific accent on policy-making for a developing country like India. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Kausik Gupta and Jayanta Kumar Dwibedi;individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved.
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Coronavirus is impacting the world we live in for the most vanquished way and all regions of the planet are left with hung economic loss. This pandemic has not just negatively affected medical care frameworks and communities' lives yet additionally influenced world economies and brought about employment misfortunes, and business disturbances, and made us head towards one of the most awful times ever for individuals on the planet. Nearly, every one of the enterprises is going through huge decreases in their business, and the effect is so much tremendous of this pandemic, that they are extending more terrible times ahead. The outburst of the Covid-19 pandemic has a remarkable shock to the Indian economy. The economy was at that point in a dreadful state before COVID-19 struck. With the persistent far-reaching lockdown, worldwide financial crisis, and related interruption of interest and supply chains, the economy has likely confronted an extended time of stand stillness. The extent of the financial effect is presently subject to the span and seriousness of the well-being emergency, the period of the lockdown, and how the circumstance unfurls once the lockdown is lifted. This study depicts the condition of the global economy in the pre-COVID-19 period, surveys the possible effect of the shock on different portions of the economy, and dissects the strategies that have been declared such a long way by the central government and the international banks to improve the financial shock and set forward a bunch of strategy proposals for explicit areas.
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Cultural legacy, according to UNESCO, includes not only monuments and collections of artefacts, but also traditions and living expressions inherited from our forefathers and passed down to our successors. Folk literature, in the form of poems, lines, and melodies, is a part of cultural legacy, and its preservation for future generations appears to be crucial. The advent of technology in the post-covid era gave rise to a new perspective on the educational system. Folk education, which has never been regarded as a separate discipline in the sphere of primary education, is now in jeopardy as it is losing its cultural heritage in this digital age. It can only be preserved if it can be linked to newly developed technologies. The current research proposes the Socio-Digital Knowledge System, or SDKS, in light of this. This model deals with the detour of transition from the 'as is' to the 'as ought to be' reality, which can be considered the main grounds of folk education. The status 'as it is' of folk society represents the remaining varieties, not yet to be accounted for by any other educational developmental agencies. There may not be such instances of 'remaining varieties' in real. On the other hand, the 'as ought to be' educational system remains under development determined by surrounding political and socio-cultural parameters. This effort focuses on the nature of the psychology of the monolingual speakers' collective self when they are obliged to maintain a tumultuous social environment with two poles, 'as it is' and 'as it ought to be.' In Indian communities, our model focuses on the ambiguous interpretation of social mobilization and hierarchy principles, as well as the imprecise term 'class.' To comprehend the mentioned bipolar possibility in terms of educational growth, we employ semiotic devices as a methodology.
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The arrival of COVID-19 took the very existence of human race for a toss. In countries like India, where the majority of the population is concentrated in the rural areas and are subject to an affordability and infrastructural constraint, cannot afford sophisticated COVID-19 tests. But, X-Ray is widely obtainable across both the rural and urban belts of our country and comes at an affordable cost, even free at the government hospitals. In the present research paper, we put forward a fusion-based DCGAN and CNN based neural net architecture which will generate synthetic COVID-19 infected lung X-Ray images from our fed data. Here we consider mainly two (2) output classes namely, malignant and benign. The novelty in this paper is that from the original X-Ray Image our model will generate a "predicted” image instantaneously using the DCGAN structure to understand the process of mutation. Also, the model predicts the class of the newly generated "predicted” image, whether it is COVID-19 positive or negative through the proposed CNN architecture. However, the paper that the success of deploying our model depends on the availability of the 5G network as the "predicted” X-Ray image along with the original X-Ray image of a patient needs to be transmitted to a central server from where it needs to be analyzed for further course of treatment as already specified. We have made an attempt to achieve the state of the art accuracy in our CNN model. © 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC.
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Nanotechnology has gained immense attention owing to its multidimensional advantages in the scientific world. Recent progress has confirmed that nanostructured architectures possess promising medicinal applications and have triggered investigation as nanodrug delivery vehicles. These engineered vehicles offer an unprecedented platform for the controlled release of encapsulated drug to targeted site with higher effectuality and reduced toxicity by overcoming the loopholes allied with conventional drug delivery systems. This review provides a systematic overview of specific properties of nanostructured materials, viz., inorganic nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, chitosan, liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and niosomes, and consolidates their therapeutic approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer, COVID-19, and HIV/AIDS. Factors including interactions of nanomaterials with physiological environment, mode of drug administration, stability of therapeutic agents, and mechanism of action have been summarized for attaining efficacious drug delivery. In addition to opportunities, the challenges of nanomedicines in drug delivery have also been discussed. In the futuristic perspective, further advancement is necessitated in the domain of nanotechnology mediated advanced drug delivery system by combining newer treatment approaches such as gene therapy and immunotherapy with the existing nanotechnology to improve the performance of drugs and maximize the efficiency of targeted drug distribution. © 2023 The Author(s).
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Wastewater reuse has attracted remarkable attention during recent decades as an alternative source of water. Recycling waste water for irrigation, forests, and agricultural fields have been very common nowadays. Industries also recycle waste water for different purposes as an alternative to freshwater. In spite of the fact that waste water reuse could significantly enrich nation's water resources, however, there are potential risks of human exposure to pathogenic and chemical contaminants from waste water reuse. Toxic chemicals such as pollutants, pesticides, heavy metals, and other toxins are drained into freshwater from sewage treatment plants and industrial effluents. Several studies have identified some resistant strains of bacteria which survive the antibiotic treatment during the recycling process of water. In a recent study it also has been concluded that SARS-COV2, the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic is found to be present in wastewater increasing the risk of contamination. The presence of these substances is of utmost concern because of their reduced biodegradability which might lead to biomagnification. Even after treatment using it for potable use is not safe because even the trace exposure of these pollutants can lead to adverse health outcomes. The use of reclaimed water for irrigation purposes is practiced in many countries but persistence of these substances leading to bioaccumulation in plants and their consumption by human population can cause serious hazards. The risk assessment methods followed should be in compliance with the regulatory authorities like United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). There are several risk assessment studies which have been conducted. The current chapter deals with the identification of different pathogens and chemical hazards present in waste water, monitoring and assessment of the human health hazards associated with it and optimize the strategies of waste water reuse to safeguard human health. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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The COVID19 pandemic that started in late 2019 has already killed millions people, it is yet far from over and the road to the COVID-free world is much tougher than we all imagined;however, it ends at a vaccine functional against all coronaviruses. In this article, we try to present the aetiology behind evolution of superior pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 and point out fundamen-tal and highly hazardous loopholes in the current vaccination regimens and propose new vaccination strategies. We also suggest societal and personal level management that are necessary to en-sure prevention and better recovery outcomes until the arrival of the vaccine. In turn, we apprise the physician for long-term and stringent management of certain chronic diseases, avoiding pre-scribing certain drugs and suggesting physical exercises and diets that are fortified with specific mi-cronutrients.Copyright © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.
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Background: Rapid transmission of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) causing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) occurred all across the world in few months causing a pandemic. Frontline medical staff as a result of heavy workload, insufficient protective equipment, a lack of information of the pathogen, and direct contact with patients faced the fear of getting infected themselves and their family. Anxiety, stress, and other negative emotions have led to a series of psychological crises in them. Aim(s): To compare the coping strategies, emotional reactions, burnout and resilience in doctors caring and not caring for COVID19 patients. Materials And Methods: Total 304 Doctors in tertiary care hospitals out of which 163 were caring and 141 were not caring for COVID19 patients participated in our study. Both groups were assessing and compared using The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the coronavirus anxiety scale (CAS), Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5), Brief COPE, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale abbreviated, Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory, Two-Item Conjoint Screen (TICS) Results: All participants those who did COVID duty and those who did not do it showed high level of resilience though on comparison no significant different was found between two groups. Those who did not do COVID duty were scored higher in emotion focused coping strategies whereas who did not do COVID duty scored higher in avoidant coping strategies. Abbreviated version of Maslach Burnout Inventory indicated a great personal accomplishment, less depersonalization and low emotional exhaustion in all the participants irrespective of their duty status. Conclusion(s): On comparing those who did COVID duties against those who haven't, it was found that those who did not do COVID duty used more emotion-focused ways to cope and those who were doing COVID duties were using harmful avoidant coping to manage their daily chores. All the doctors participating in study showed high resilience irrespective of whether they did COVID duty or not.Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory tract infection causing a pandemic that emerged in 2019 initially in China involving 13.8% cases with severe, and 6.1% with critical course and later throughout the globe. Vaccines or antiviral medications are yet to be used to prevent or treat infections of Human Coronavirus (HCoV). The much-discovered HCoV found in 2003, SARS-COVID-19, which caused respiratory syndrome, has special pathogenesis as it causes respiratory tract infection. The coronavirus spike protein's association with its host cell receptor complement is crucial in deciding the virus infectivity, tissue tropism and species variety. SARS, COVID-19, infects human cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and uses the TMPRSS2 cell protease to activate it. Lungs are most affected by COVID-19 as host cells are accessed by the virus through ACE2, which is most abundant in alveolar cells of the lungs. Special attention and efforts should be given in reducing transmission in vulnerable populations, including infants, health care providers and the elderly. COVID 19, is the main causative agent of potentially lethal disease and is of significant concern for global public health and in pandemics which was highlighted in this review.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
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There are various misconceptions related to COVID-19 and the vaccine. This study attempts to identify the role of social media in spreading the misinformation related to COVID-19 and vaccination. This study will help the agencies to identify the categories of misconceptions and the vaccination -related conspiracy theories dispersed in social media. In the analysis, seven clusters were found, and the concept map presents seven general misconceptions categories;similarly, six subcategories under vaccination-related conspiracy theories were found. This study concludes that vaccination -related misconception circulated in social media is a serious issue that could affect the vaccination rate severely. Hence, a multipronged tactic should be adopted having the components of counter -information strategy, sharing information from authentic sources, educating the general population to go for rigorous review of the information, and improving the health literacy level.
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Health is an essential issue in all countries. It has further come into limelight on account of covid pandemic. Under the global impact of Covid pandemic public investment in health care is in the centre stage of discussion in recent past. This empirical study has attempted to understand the impact of public health care system under Government investment through the model of Fair price shop (FPS) situated in the government hospitals in West Bengal. Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE) has further augmented the burden of income in the most of the house hold ion India under the deadliest impact of Covid. This study has found the Public-private-partnership (PPP) model is the robust application in reducing the burden of the lower-level income group in terms of health-related expenditure. Accessibility of medical care has created an substantial impact on middle class and lower middle class people in West Bengal with the introduction of Fare Price Shop (FPS) initiated by Government of West Bengal. This empirical research has proposed a model to makes health care more accessible among mass section of beneficiaries in order to makes a social inclusion for health care. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
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Objectives: Along the course human history of scientific research, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) is the most concerning global health problem. Second wave of COVID-19 has adversely affected India. However, India embarked on its immunization program on January 16, 2021, operating 3006 vaccination centers onset Covaxin and CoviShield. This study aimed to ascertain if there is an association amidst ABO blood type and probability of COVID-19 infection in wave. Method(s): This is analytical and observational study conducted on 713 SARS-COVID-19-positive patients of a known ABO blood type, who attended outpatient department and inpatient department during March 26-May 20, 2021, in tertiary care hospital Udaipur (Raj.) Serum inflammatory markers were evaluated by Cobas 6000. Result(s): Out of the 713 patients who were tested positive, 15.56% was blood group Type A, 19.91% was blood group Type B, 13.65% was blood group Type AB, and 46.28% was blood group Type O. On statistical analysis, there were positive association between O+ blood type and peak inflammatory marker (interleukin-6 and D-Dimer). Patients with blood Type O who received a test were more likely to test positive and blood Type B+, A+, A+, AB+, O-, A-, B-, and AB- were less likely to test positive. Conclusion(s): The present study shows an evidence for interrelation between ABO blood groups and SARS-COVID-19. Reported infection prevalence is moderately increased among O+ blood type individuals. Determination of level of inflammatory markers might prove to be helpful to clinicians so as to keep track of severity of infection and evaluate the prognosis of SARS-COVID-19 with specific ABO blood groups. Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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Background: The provision of emergency surgery was significantly impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was due to limited intensive care beds and the risk of catching COVID-19 in the post-operative period. The aim of this study was to determine whether outcomes for patients with Boerhaave syndrome were negatively affected by service constraints during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method(s): Single centre case control study of patients with Boerhaave syndrome before and during the COVID pandemic. Univariate and multivariate analyses was employed to determine whether patient outcomes following Boerhaave syndrome were influenced by the COVID pandemic (defined here as 2020-2022) compared to a pre-pandemic period (2013-2019). Result(s): During the COVID pandemic, 7 patients presented with Boerhaave syndrome, although none of these patients tested positively for COVID-19. Patient characteristics and outcome data of these patients were compared to a group of 14 patients with Boerhaave syndrome during a pre-pandemic period. The median age of patients presenting with Boerhaave syndrome was statistically significantly lower during the pandemic compared to those presenting before the pandemic (28 years versus 60 years, p=0.04). There was no significant difference in the treatment approach between the two groups, with non-operative and operative measures being employed in both groups equally (p=0.66), suggesting that the pandemic did not influence treatment decision. There was no difference in the use of endoscopic stenting between the groups (p=0.25). 30-day mortality was equal between patients admitted during the pandemic and those admitted before the pandemic (p=0.13). Conclusion(s): This study demonstrated that the median age of patients presenting with Boerhaave syndrome during the pandemic was significantly lower than it was historically. This may have reflected shifts in behaviour and lifestyle during the pandemic. Never-the-less, the impact on services during the pandemic did not appear to influence treatment choice, and 30-day mortality remained the same for both patient groups. This may have reflected provision of COVID-secure pathways and locations.
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Background: Boerhaave syndrome is a rare condition characterised by spontaneous barogenic, transmural rupture of the oesophagus. We aimed to examine a ten-year experience of Boerhaave syndrome at our centre. Method(s): Cohort analysis of Boerhaave syndrome over a ten year period (2012-2022). Univariate analysis was employed to determine risk factors associated with inferior patient survival. Result(s): During the study period, 40 patients presented with oesophageal perforation, of which 21 (52.5%) were spontaneous transmural rupture. Median age of patients with Boerhaave syndrome was 51 years, in predominantly male (15, 71.4%), non-smokers (13, 61.9%). The most common site of rupture was the lower oesophagus (12, 57.1%), although the exact site of rupture was unknown in 5 (23.8%) patients. 14 (66.7%) patients were treated conservatively with antibiotics. Three (14.3%) patients underwent endoscopic oesophageal stent insertion (either alone or in combination with surgical treatment). Five (23.0%) underwent thoracoscopic washout and drain insertion and 1 (4.8%) underwent open thoracotomy washout and drain insertion. Overall 10-year survival was 80.8%. There was no association between mortality and patient age, sex, smoking status, length of stay, location of perforation, coronavirus status or mode of nutrition on univariate analysis (p>0.05 throughout). Patient age was the greatest predictor of prolonged length of stay beyond 10 days (c-statistic 0.74). Modality of surgery also had no bearing on 1- and 10-year mortality (p=0.95). Conclusion(s): Boerhaave syndrome is an uncommon condition which may be treated with an array of approaches, including non-operative measures, endoscopic and surgical intervention, depending on individual patient characteristics. The availability of multimodal treatment at a specialist oesophagogastric centre may have contributed to favourable patient outcomes. Given the rarity of Boerhaave syndrome, identification of risk factors for poor patient outcomes is difficult to determine, due to statistical underpowering.
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Background: The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to staff redeployment and prioritization of urgent care services. Cancer services were impacted by staff and resource diversion. Cancer diagnoses fell by 33% due to reduction in surveillance, diagnosis, and screening. Upper gastro-intestinal cancers (UGI) include cancers of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder. These cancers progress insidiously, present at late stages and are challenging to treat. Delayed diagnosis significantly reduces the scope of treatment options available and therefore impacts the prognosis of the patient. A Public Health England Report in 2021 showed a reduction in tumor resection surgeries in UGI cancers between March to May 2020 and December to February 2021. The backlog of surgical cancer management is ongoing as the pandemic evolves and NHS service provisions adapt. It is important to understand the effects of COVID-19 on diagnosis, staging and treatment of UGI cancers in order to improve service provision in the ensuing years. Method(s): This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Barking, Havering and Redbridge NHS Trust from January to June 2019, 2020 and 2021. Data for 316 study participants was sourced from the Somerset Cancer Database and supplemented with data from electronic patient care records. Six months of data was compared in 2019 (pre-pandemic), 2020 (mid-pandemic including the first lockdown) and 2021. The data was analysed as raw proportions and percentages. Result(s): The number of UGI cancers diagnosed was lowest in 2020 during the height of the pandemic compared to 2019 and 2021. The most common cancer in all three years was pancreatic. Pancreatic cancer was also the most common emergency cancer presentation. The highest proportion of stage IV cancers presented in 2021 (67%). The proportion of cases that resulted in palliative care management increased from 2019 to 2021 (67% and 70% respectively). 53% of all patients came from neighbourhoods that fell within 50% of the most deprived areas nationally. Conclusion(s): The COVID-19 pandemic has had variable impacts on the presentation and management of UGI cancers at the BHRUT NHS Trust. This study exhibits local trends and percentages following suit from Public Health England's National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service data for trend-based discussion. Further research within London NHS Trusts is encouraged to understand the full impact of COVID-19 on surgical cancer services in the NHS.
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Objective: To evaluate clinical profiles of COVID-19 neonates and compare early onset (<7 days) vs late onset (>=7 days) COVID. Method(s): Prospective observational study conducted among the neonates who were at risk or COVID-19 positive and who were admitted consecutively in one year (from June 2020 to May 2021) to evaluate their clinical status. At risk neonates underwent RT-PCR for oropharyngeal swab within 24 to 48 hours of life (inborn) or after admission (outborn). Result(s): Out of 351 at risk neonates, 106 babies came positive (early = 35.4% and late = 64.6%). Twelve (11.3%) cases were positive within 24 to 48 hours of life, indicating perinatal transmission. A total of 62 (58.4%) positive newborns were symptomatic. In their clinical course, there was Respiratory distress in 33(31.1%), diarrhoea in 7 (6.6%), poor feeding or lethargy in 24 (23.1%), fever in 19 (17.9 %) neonates. One baby developed COVID MIS-N. Early onset group was more symptomatic (P value <.05) but late onset group had a longer hospital stay (Spearman's rho <0.5) and increased duration of oxygen requirement (t-test sig. [2-tailed] < 0.05). Conclusion(s): There is high incidence of perinatal transmission. Early onset group was more symptomatic but late onset group had increased duration of oxygen requirement and longer hospital stay. Copyright © 2022 National Neonatology Forum.
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Physicians facing the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to experience acute and chronic, and often unpredictable, occupational stressors that can incur post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), prevention of which is of utmost importance to enhance healthcare workforce efficiency. Unlike previous studies, in this paper we developed a generalized data-driven framework to generate insights into the complex, nonlinear associations of cognitive/occupational factors with physicians' PTSS-risk. Data were collected from practicing physicians in the 18 states with the largest COVID-19 cases by deploying a cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey, following the second COVID-19 peak in the US. Analyses revealed that physicians directly treating COVID-19 patients (frontline) were at higher occupational risk of PTSS than those who didn't (secondline). We implemented a suite of eight statistical learning algorithms to evaluate the associations between cognitive/occupational factors and PTSS in frontline physicians. We found that random forest outperformed all other models, in particular the traditionally-used logistic regression by 6.4% (F1-score) and 9.6% (accuracy) in goodness-of-fit performance, and 4.8% (F1-score) and 4.6% (accuracy) in predictive performance, indicating existence of complex interactions and nonlinearity in associations between the cognitive/occupational factors and PTSS-risk. Our results show that depression, burnout, negative coping, fears of contracting/transmitting COVID-19, perceived stigma, and insufficient resources to treat COVID-19 patients are positively associated with PTSS-risk, while higher resilience and support from employer/friends/family/significant others are negatively associated with PTSS-risk. Insights obtained from this study will help to bring new attention to frontline physicians, allowing for more informed prioritization of their care during future pandemics/epidemics.